I have acrued 64 hours of vacation time. I was terminated from employment (without following proper procedure per the handbook) without an oral or written warning prior.
I have requested to be paid for my vacation time.
Can my employer refuse to pay my vacation time? If they do pay how long can they legally wait to send the check?

I believe that Kentucky law states that you must be paid for the accrued vacation time, but I don't know the timeframe in which they company must issue the check. You may wish to contact the state department of labor.

There is no law that says that you must be provided with warnings, and most handbooks have a clause that states that the employer can terminate someone immediately if necessary.

http://www.labor.ky.gov/ows/employmentstandards/faq/default.htm

Yes an employer can refuse to pay vacation if their policy allows it.

My bad. Kentucky does show up on some lists of states where it must be paid, but information directly from the state department of labor is more reliable.

There are a few states where the law is that vacation must be paid out IF company policy says so. Some sources automatically call that a "yes" without the qualification. I've learned to check the answer to this question with multiple sources for that reason.